Strong relationships Essay Example for Free

Strong relationships Essay Dreams can be described as reflections, unconscious wishes, and a by-product of mental house keeping or interpreted as a brain activity. Guiley (1998) says, â€Å"Dreams are the inner powers that project out creativity which has changed lives†. All these descriptions may be true or false depending on which type of the dream that has occurred during the night. In is interesting that a greater percentage of dreams occur at night. Then the question is why do many dreams occur at night? Noticeably, this it the time of resting and every body part or organ rest or relax. This means organs like the heart, lungs and the brain do not rest but they relax. Therefore, this time of the day, that is during rest some crucial brain activity goes on and in many occasions it is a reflection of what might have happened during the day. There are many types of dreams, some of them turn out to be nightmares where some people may walk at night, others scream and few have lucid dreams for instance some people dream of playing football and they throw legs at night as if they are kicking the ball they had watched or they had played during the day whereby some end up kicking anything near them only to be awakened and find they are not injured. Other dreams may be about relationships especially among lovers. Parker (1999) says, â€Å"There is believe that the mind consists of three things that is the ego, the super ego and the id. The unconscious side that is the id consists of instinctive drives called pleasure principle† et al Freud (2001) agrees, â€Å"that most desires expressed in dreams are sexual†. This is may be the reason why people experience sexual arousal and wet dreams. There are strong relationships between physiological theories and psychological theories. It has been concluded by the scientists that many dreams occur during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Every person dreams, right from the toddlers or infants to the aged but dreams differ. This means a teenager’s dreams may not be same as of the elderly dreams. Averagely everybody dreams every night but the intensity of the dreams differ depending on the reflective stance of the brain at that time. Time is also a factor for dreams, some dreams are short and others are long winded depending on the time taken in dreaming. Parker (1999) observes that, â€Å"a dream takes roughly 30- 45 minutes and those awakened during the REM are able to remember or recall their dream at that moment†. Some dreams are so vivid that they can be revealed immediately a person wakes up. Many of the dreams are forgotten before or immediately a person wakes up. Them memory plays an integral role on dream remembrance as Christos (2003) concurs, â€Å"Neural network models suggest that memories are constantly competing with each other, they change with time and some memories are easily displaced† Dreams are extremely important in many ways, for instance, prophets during the ancient times were able to discern events to come and or befall people or a community through dreams. Lukeman (2001) says that, â€Å"in some dreams, we tap into prophecy and other kinds of information that cannot be known in the ordinary sense. † Parker (1999) agrees that, â€Å"whether old superstitions can help you see the future is questionable but a great deal of empirical evidence suggest that dreams can be prophetic. The most interesting dreams of the future can come through a phenomenon called lucid dreams. † A good number of musicians confess that their greatest musical hits appeared in dreams at night. One day I dreamt on how to manufacture a pistol and if I had the time I could have drawn the sketch just the way I saw it in the dream but unfortunately three day passed and I forgot the whole sketch. The dream came about after one of the family members had regularly thwarted my good plans to go overseas for further studies. So, I was extremely annoyed and I could think of any way to eliminate him. Luckily I did not do it and today the family member is a good neighbor. This dream falls under the psychological theory. I had suffered psychological torture after losing a golden chance to go overseas for further studies. Therefore good things produce good dreams while bad and stressful things cause bad or evil dreams. Conclusion Dreams are essential for psychological and physiological aspects of life. Lukeman (2001) says, â€Å"Dreams are crucial to every day health and well being. Studies have shown that bizarre things start to happen when people are prevented from dreaming. Things like confusion, exhaustion and physical illnesses start to manifest. † References: Christos, G. (2003). Memory and Dreams: The Creative Human Mind. New York: University of New South Wales. Freud, S. (2001). On dreams. New York: Dover Publications. Parker, C. H. (1999). The Hidden Meaning of Dreams. Carlsbad: Sterling Publishers Guiley, R. H. (1998). Dreamwork for the Soul. Boston: New York: Berkely Trade Publishers. Lukeman, A. (2001). What Your Dreams Can Teach You. New York: M. Evans and Company Inc.

The Reconstruction Period :: after the Civil War, 1865 - 1877

The period after the Civil War, 1865 - 1877, was called the Reconstruction period. Abraham Lincoln started planning for the reconstruction of the South during the Civil War as Union soldiers occupied huge areas of the South. He wanted to bring the Nation back together as quickly as possible and in December 1863 he offered his plan for Reconstruction which required that the States new constitutions prohibit slavery. In January 1865, Congress proposed an amendment to the Constitution which would abolish slavery in the United States. On December 18, 1865, Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment formally abolishing slavery. The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated less than one week later. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's Vice President, briefly continued Lincoln's policies after Lincoln's assassination and in May 1865 announced his own plans for Reconstruction which included a vow of loyalty to the Nation and the abolition of slavery that Southern states were required to take before they could be readmitted to the Nation. Black codes were adopted by midwestern states to regulate or inhibit the migration of free African-Americans to the midwest. Cruel and severe black code laws were adopted by southern states after the Civil War to control or reimpose the old social structure. Southern legislatures passed laws that restricted the civil rights of the emancipated former slaves. Mississippi was the first state to institute laws that abolished the full civil rights of African-Americans. "An Act to Confer Civil Rights on Freedmen, and for Other Purposes," a very misleading title, was passed in 1865. Other states quickly adopted their own versions of the codes, some of which were so restrictive that they resembled the old system of slavery such as forced labor for various offenses. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (or the Freedmen's Bureau) was organized to provide relief and assistance to the former slaves, including health services, educational services, and abandoned land services. Congress passed an act on March 3, 1865 to establish the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. The program was administered by the Department of War and was first headed by General Oliver Otis Howard who was appointed to the position on May 13, 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln. Although Congress responded with legislation that led to the Civil Rights Act of 1866, States kept on the books laws that continued the legacy of the black codes and, therefore, second-class citizenship for the newly freed slaves.

Large Public Buildings

(Introduction: mention that public buildings exist in all cities and towns, large and small, e. g. post office, court pause, places of worship, theater) A public building is a building that belongs in some way to the state. The number of public buildings in any town or village will depend on the size of that community and its needs. For example, you will usually find a town hall of some sort, a school and a place of worship at he least. In anger communities there will be a police station, law courts, a library and maybe a theater funded by he state. (Pros: city pride, beautiful to look at, useful/necessary buildings, create a city center. ) The desire to build impressive buildings is not new. The ancient cities of the Middle East and South America were designed with large public buildings to impress visitors and enemies and give a sense of pride. In modern times, outstanding public buildings still. reate a great sense of local and national pride. They are what gives a city its character and they form asocial center, a place where people like to meet. (Cons: waste of public money, intimidating, nationalistic. Give opinion on whether they stop us from building houses or whether they can be compatible. ) However, some people argue that governments have constructed unnecessary, and sometimes ugly, buildings simply to make themselves feel important. I tend to feel that such buildings may be a waste of public money but I am not sure we can claim that they prevent houses from being built, because these governments have often ensured that adequate housing was also available. Houses and public buildings can exist side by side. (Conclusion – sum up the two parts to the answer. Leave the reader thinking. ) The answer lies in finding ape right balance. We want o feel pride in our town, but we also want our citizens to have comfortable homes. It is hard to please everyone.

Accounting Ratios And Conducting Business Profitability Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1824 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Accounting ratio are the ratios used to evaluate a quantitative analysis of information in a companys financial statement. Ratios being expressed and counted based on the accounting figures derived from financial statements of the company. Ratios are calculated to compare to previous years, others companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company from current years number. Accounting ratios helps to conduct the profitability of the business which helps the management understand about the earning capacity of the business concern. It also shows the relationship between the liabilities and assets ensure the solvency of the company can be measured. Otherwise, accounting ratios is quite helpful in analysis of financial statement and also in comparative analysis of the performance. Ratios analysis will lets the outsider know about the profitability of the company and encourage them to pay for interest and dividend etc. Companies wil l easy to improve their weak point with the helps when compare to others companies. Accounting ration will also helps to work out the operating become more efficiency when all turnover are worked out to evaluate the performance of the business. Ratio analysis is helpful to work out short term financial position and also in the forecasting purpose. 1.1 Five different aspect of business measured by accounting ratio Accounting ratios have a various type for the business measured, there are counted and grouped into five different aspect to extrapolate the business performance. The five types of accounting ratio are: Profitability of company Liquidity of company Asset management of company Debts management and capital gearing of company Market value of investment to ordinary shareholders/ common stockholders 1.1.1 Profitability of company Profitability ratios are used to estimate a business ability and value to arise earning as compared to expenses over a speci fied time period. From the indicative of ratio between a competitor ratio and previous period ratio will know about the company does well or not. Profitability of company is measured by: Gross profit markup (%) = Gross profit x 100 Cost of goods sold Where Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Purchase Closing stock Gross profit margin (%) = Gross profit x 100 Net sales value Where Net sales = Sales Return inwards Operating profit margin (%) = Operating profit before interest and taxation x 100 Net sales value Profit margin on sales (%) = Net income available to common stockholder x 100 Net sales value = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 Net sales value Basic earning power (BEP) = Operating profit before interest and taxation x 100 Total assets Where Total assets = Fixed assets + Current assets Return on total assets (ROA) = Net income available to common stockholder x 100 Total assets = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 Total assets Return on common equity = Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Common equity = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 (Ordinary share capital + Reserve) OR (Total assets Total liabilities) 1.1.2 Liquidity of company Liquidity ratios express the ability of a company to meet its short term financial obligation. This is also the result of dividing the total cash by short term borrowing. Liquidity of company is measured by: Current ratio / Working capital ratio = Current assets . Current Liabilities Liquid ratio / quick ratio / acid-test ratio = Liquid assets . Current liabilities 1.1.3 Asset management of company Asset management of company can also called as an efficiency ratios. It is measure the quality of business receivables and how efficiently it uses and controls its assets, how effectively the firm is paying supplier, and whether the business is overtrading or under trading on its equity. Assets management of company is measured by: Inventory turnover or Stock turnover: Inventory turnover = Cost of sales OR Average stock value Stock turnover = Cost of sales . Closing stock value Average stock value = (Opening stock value + Closing stock value) / 2 Fixed assets turnover = Net sales . Fixed assets net book value Where Net sales = Sales Return inwards Total assets turnover = Net assets where Net sales = Sales Return inward and Total assets Total assets = Fixed assets + Current assets Debtor ratio = Debtor . Credit sales Debtor payment period = Debtor ratio x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months (In days / weeks / months) = Debtor x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months Credit sales Days sales outstanding (DSO) = Debtor x 365 days OR Credit sales = Debtor . (Annual credit sales / 365 days) 1.1.4 Debts management and capital geari ng of company Debts management and capital gearing of company is measure about the total debt to its total assets of a companys. It is also a estimate of how risky the company will be for a bank to extend a loan to company, with a higher ratio meant great risk. Debts management and capital gearing of company is measured by: Debts ratio / Total debts to total assets ratio = Total debts . Total assets Capital gearing ratio = Prior charge debts capital Total capital = Preference share capital + Debentures + Loan stock + Loan . (Ordinary share capital + Preference share capital + Reserves + Long term liabilities) OR (Fixed assets + Current assets Current liabilities) Debts equity ratio = Total debts = Long term liabilities + Current liabilities Common equity Ordinary share capital + Reserve Times interest earned / Interest cover = Profit before interest and before taxation Interest charge Creditor ratio = Creditor . Credit purchase Creditor payment period = Creditor ratio x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months (In days / weeks / months) = Creditor x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12months Credit purchase 1.1.5 Market value of investment to ordinary shareholders / common stockholder Market value of investment to ordinary shareholder is related an observable market value, the price stock, to book values obtained from the firms financial statements. This aspect is measured by: Earnings per share = Net income available to common stockholders Number of ordinary shares in issue = Profit after interest, taxation, preference dividend and minority interest Number of ordinary shares in issue Price / Earnings ratio (P/E ratio) = Market price per ordinary share Earnings per share Dividend cover = Earnings per share OR Net ordinary dividend per share = Profit after interest, taxation, preference dividend and minority interest Net ordinary dividend Earnings yield = Gross earnings per share x 100 Mar ket price per ordinary share = [100 / (100 Income tax basic rate)] x Earning per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Dividend yield = Gross ordinary dividend per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share = [100/ (100 Income tax basic rate)] x Net ordinary dividend per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Price / cash flow ratio = Market price per ordinary share . Net cash inflow per ordinary share = Market price per ordinary share . (Net income + Depreciation) / Ordinary shares in issue Market price / book value ratio = Market price per ordinary share . Net book value per ordinary share = Market price per ordinary share . (Common equity / Ordinary shares in issue) 1.2 Accounting ratios comparison for business performance measurement Although ratio analysis is very important tool to judge the companys performance, comparison problem might happen in the accounting ratio for business performance measurement. 1.2.1 In ter-temporal comparison between two periods The problems of comparison affect inter-temporal are: Effects of price changes make comparisons difficult unless adjustments are made. Influences of changes in technology on the price of assets, the probably return and the future markets. Impacts of a changing environment on the results reflected in the accounting information. Potential effects of changes in accounting policies on the results. Problems associated with establishing a normal base year to compare other years. 1.2.2 Inter-firms comparison between two companies The problems of comparison affect inter-firms are: The selection of industry specifications and the effectiveness of specifications based on the averages. The two different firms are having two different financial and business risk profiles and the influence on analysis. Of course, the two different firms are using two different accounting policies. The size of businesss impacts and it s comparators on risk, structure and returns. Impacts of different environments on reported results. 1.3 Companies selected for business performance measurement IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad aare choosing for the business performance measurement. IJM Corporate Berhad IJM is one of Malaysias leading construction groups and is listen in the main board of Bursa Malaysia. Its business activities encompass construction, property development, manufacturing and quarrying, infrastructure concessions and plantations. IJM was born in 1983 with an overarching purpose of competing more effectively against bigger foreign rivals. The company rapidly established itself as a progressively built on its competitive prowess, financial capacity and repute to strengthen its footing as a serious local contractor. IJM turned public in 1986. An application made for its shares to be listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) was subsequently obtained in September 1986. WCT Berh ad Established on 14 January 1981 as WCT Earthworks Building Contractors Sdn Bhd, the Company became a public company on 1 April 1994. WCT made its debut on the Malaysia Stock Exchange on 16 February 1995. Over years, they have expending their product and services to include project management, construction design, values engineering and asset management in: F1   international racing circuit High-rise and special purpose building; International airport; Hydroelectric dam; Iconic infrastructure; Township planning development; Racecourse;  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Commercial property development management; Expressway Highway; and BOT Toll Concessions. 1.4 Financial statement analysis Based on below are the accounting ration between two companies, which is IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad. 1.5 Accounting ratio between IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad 1.5.1 Profitability Profitability between IJM Corporation B erhad and WCT Berhad are showing that higher gross profit mark up, return on total assets and return on common equity for WCT Berhad and IJM Corporate Berhad is getting the high ratio of gross profit margin, operating profit margin on sales, profit margin on sales compare to WCT Berhad. 1.5.2 Liquidity In the liquidity ratio, WCT Berhad is getting higher in current ratio, but lower in acid-test ratio compared to IJM Corporate Berhad. 1.5.3 Assets management and debts management In assets management, WCT Berhad is getting higher ratio in inventory turnover, total assets turnover, day sales outstanding and also time interest earned, but there are lower in debtor ratio and debts equity ratio compared to IJM Corporate Berhad. 1.5.4 Market value of investment to stockholders WCT Berhad is getting higher ratio of earning per share and earning yield but lower price earnings ratio compared to IJM Corporation Berhad. 1.6 Conclusion In the conclusion, I feel that accou nting ratio is important to an company to calculate about their company profit value. In between of IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad, I had do the accounting ratio for both of the companies, it is successful to estimate about their ability. IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad are also ability in estimate a business value to arise earning as compared to expenses over a specified time period. In others hand, I felt that WCT company is much more ability of a company to meet its short term financial obligation because it have a higher ration compare to IJM Corporate Berhad Obviously in the accounting calculation, WCT Berhad is much more efficiency to control assets and also effective of the firm is paying supplier, but IJM Corporate is having a great risk compared to WCT Berhad. At last, calculation shown the WCT Berhad have a good market value , the price stock, and to book values obtained from firms financial statement. Don’t waste time! 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